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doi: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-531

PMID: 21358915

Nov 21, 2019 Gambling is not always seen in the best light. Science has proven that it may have some health benefits for those who are engaged in it. Most individuals may not be aware of these benefits, and this sometimes caused them to avoid the activity. Off the bat, entertainment is one of such positive benefits of gambling. Gambling is an excellent way to keep yourself and your friends entertained. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of a Gambling Addiction Gambling is associated with many additional effects, in both the short- and long-term. Gambling addiction frequently results in other addictions that serve as coping mechanisms for people who are stressed out by the activity.

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Abstract

The current study evaluated the effect of participating in simulated gambling activities on happiness levels of 3 nursing home residents. A 4-component analysis was used to measure objective responses associated with happiness during baseline, varying durations of engagement in simulated gambling activities, and 2 follow-up periods. Results indicated that all residents exhibited a higher percentage of happiness levels while engaged in simulated gambling activities compared with baseline. How to start an app on unlock mac. Follow-up assessment took place 10 min and 30 min following the intervention; no lasting effects were observed.

Keywords: elderly, engagement, gambling, happiness

Engaging the elderly in preferred activities and thus improving their quality of life has the potential to produce positive health benefits (). One such activity is recreational gambling. Recent research suggests that positive health benefits from gambling can occur in the elderly (). In this study, a large group of rural community-dwelling elderly was assessed across a number of factors including the predictability of regular gambling. Those individuals who frequently gambled had higher self-reported health, lower rates of depression, and a greater social support network than nongambling peers. Other researchers have noted that gambling is beneficial to the mental health of the elderly because it not only provides a social activity but also involves using problem-solving skills, concentration, and memory ().

Constructs such as depression, social support, and concentration often prevent behavioral researchers from conducting controlled examinations, because the dependent variable of interest is difficult to define operationally. One exception is the behavior-analytic research on happiness (). Although predominantly examined in individuals with developmental disabilities, recently the research has been extended to the elderly population (). Given the potential physical and psychological health benefits of gambling for the elderly, we should explore the option of allowing such an opportunity in long-term care facilities. However, before instating such gambling activities on a wide scale, preference for and reaction to the opportunity to gamble should be assessed in this population. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether elderly nursing home residents would prefer to interact with gambling stimuli and display the emotional affect of happiness while engaged in simulated gambling or nongambling activities.

METHOD

Setting and Participants

Ill Effects Of Gambling

The study was conducted in a 159-bed nursing facility. Three residents who had a prior history of gambling (as reported by caregivers) served as participants in the study. Donna, Lily, and Fred had resided in the nursing home for at least 4 years, were over the age of 80, and had no diagnoses of dementia or other cognitive disabilities, as evidenced by medical files provided by the nursing home.

Response Measurement, Interobserver Agreement, and Experimental Design

Happiness, as described by , was defined as any vocalization or facial expression that could be considered typical of happiness, which includes smiling and laughing. Residents were scored as unhappy if yelling, frowning, or crying was observed, and no affect if neither condition was observed (). The effects of gambling on these happiness measures were evaluated under four conditions each day: baseline, simulated gambling, 10 min after gambling, and 30 min after gambling. Levels of happiness during simulated gambling and 10 min and 30 min after gambling were compared to baseline in a four-component analysis (see ). Each participant was engaged in the simulated gambling activity for 5-min, 10-min, and 20-min intervals. Observers used 10-s partial-interval recording to collect data.

Two independent observers recorded data for 33% of the sessions. Interobserver agreement for happiness measures was determined by dividing the number of agreements of emotional affect by the number of agreements plus disagreements and converting the ratio to a percentage. Mean interobserver agreement was 99% (range, 96% to 100%).

Procedure

Preference assessment

We conducted a two-phase preference assessment using the paired-choice method. During the first preference assessment, the experimenter presented five categories (animals, food, letters, people, and casino games) of visual stimuli (11 cm by 15 cm) to the resident in pairs of two. Any participant who selected gambling less than second most frequently was excluded from the study. This did not occur for any of the participants. During the second preference assessment, stimuli were limited to pictures of gambling and people (the top two chosen sets from Phase 1 for all participants). Participants who chose the gambling stimuli more often continued on to the next condition of the experiment.

Simulated gambling activity

All residents were exposed to a simulated gambling game of their choice on a laptop computer for two sessions of each duration of engagement (i.e., 5, 10, and 20 min). Data on happiness levels were collected during a 10-min baseline prior to the implementation of the gambling activity when the experimenter first entered the facility and located the resident in the nursing home. No controls for preexperimental observation settings were made; thus, the resident could have been in various settings (e.g., room, dining hall) or with various people (family members, staff, other residents).

After the 10-min baseline observation, the experimenter directed the resident to play the simulated gambling game (Hoyle Casino Games). The experimenter asked the participant to choose among playing slot machines, standard video poker, roulette, blackjack, or craps. No actual money was exchanged during the course of the experiment. Thus, the gambling activity was an analogue to actual gambling. All bets and winnings were purely hypothetical. When the participant was seated at a table with the laptop in front of him or her, the experimenter started the computer, loaded the software, and oriented the participant to the computer mouse and screen with prompts such as pointing or gesturing. However, during the simulated gambling activity, the experimenter attempted to minimize social interactions with the participant to evaluate the isolated effects of the simulated gambling task. For example, if the resident attempted to interact, the experimenter directed him or her back to the game.

After the resident played the simulated gambling game for one of the th

Effect Of Gambling On Health